A Work-In-Progress Copyright 1993 Send comments, additions, corrections to: dancer@netcom.com and please use "sixties" or "timeline" in the e-mail title. TIME OUT OF MIND: A CHRONOLOGY FOR THE SIXTIES GENERATION/COUNTERCULTURE A (BABY BOOMER'S) CHRONOLOGY OF OUR/MODERN TIMES A HIPPIE HISTORY OF THE SIXTIES PRECEDENTS "I hold it that a little rebellion now and then is a good thing. . . It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government. . . God forbid that we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion. . . Thomas Jefferson (1780) l l l. MIDDLE AGES? MEDIEVAL? DARK AGES 1095- 1270 The Crusades 1132 Henry I of France grants charters of corporate towns protecting commerce and industry 1100s? rise of guilds in medieval cities 1100s late Joachim de Flores: 1100s Poor Men of Lyons (Fr) follow Pierre Wald, merchant who gave away all of his wealth to the poor. The Waldensians are exterminated in a bloody papal cruade in the early 1200s. 1209 Francis of Assisi (Italy) starts his brotherhood (the Franciscans) (he is 27) 1215 King John of England seals the Magna Carta at Runnymede 1229 The Inquisition in Toulouse forbids Bible reading by all laymen 1252 The Inquisition begins to use instruments of torture 1258 The first House of Commons in Britain 1260- 1327 Meister Eckhart (German preacher & mystic) 1200s late commercial and industrial boom in the north and central Italian cities; Florence becomes the leading European city in commerce and finance; beginnings of manufacturing industries; Hanseatic League forms in Germany; Swiss League forms; many new European universities founded; Petrarch, Dante . . . 1347-51 Black Death devastates Europe (including 1/3 of English pop, a total of 75 million people) (Boccaccio: Decameron, Chaucer) when? Eng: theologian John Wyclif attacks the property of the church 1381 Eng: Peasants Revolt under Wat Tyler, who was inspired by Wyclif (John Ball) 1382 Wyclif is expelled from Oxford, doctrines condemned by London synod 1300s-1400s Lollards: attack Church corruption, emphasize individual interpretation of the Bible 1396 Greek classics start to be taught in Ital --> revival of Greek literature in Italy 1400- 1500 EARLY RENAISSANCE (Florence under the Medici is the center; Leonardo da Vinci) 1398- 1416 Prague: Jan Hus, inspired by Lollards; Hussites & Taborites 1431 First German peasant revolt at Worms 1453 Gutenberg prints the bible at Mainz, Germany 1431- 1463 Francois Villon, "the first Bohemian" 1463 Orvieto, Italy: money loaned at interest to poor people 1481 Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under joint direction of the state & the church (Torquemada) 1493 The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace & sw Germany 1400s- 1500s Enclosures in Britain 1445- 1501 35,000 books printed in 10 million copies from 1000 offices 1500- HIGH RENAISSANCE Age of exploration & colonization of Asia, Africa, Cen & So Am rise of the centralized state (Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare) 1501 Moors of Spain defeated/conquered expelled? 1502 Peasants' revolt, Speyer, Ger 1509 restart of European slave trade; settlers bring Africans to S. Am. 1512 Copernicus states that the earth and planets revolve around the sun (1549 objection) 1513 Peasants' revolt: Wurttemberg and Black Forest 1514 Peasants' revolt, Hungary 1516 Sir Thomas More: Utopia (1551 translated from Latin to Eng) 1517 Martin Luther, inspired by the conservative Hussites, protests against the Church's sales of indulgences by posting his 95 theses on the door of the Palast Church, Wittenberg --> Reformation in Germany 1524-5 Peasants' revolt against landlords S. Ger. led by Thomas Munzer, founder of the Anabaptist movement (& Austria) - defeated 1528 The weavers of Kent riot against Wolsey's policy to move English staple town for wool from Antwerp to Calais 1534 `Communist state' of Anabaptists under leadership of John of Leiden at Munster, Westphalia 1536 Church of England separates from the Pope 1536 first European newspaper: Gazetta, Venice (& see 1566) 1547 Nostradamus (1503-66) makes first predictions 1550- EARLY BAROQUE 1560 Huguenots (Fr) / Puritanism (Eng) 1566 Calvinist riots in Netherlands; Inquisition there abolished 1567 two million Native Americans in S Am die of typhoid fever 1579 St. John of the Cross: xxx 1600s science, European wars, witch trials, dueling, slaving 1600 (ca) first thermometer 1606 Founding of Virginia colony starts the colonization of North America 1612 Last recorded burning of heretics in England 1615 Galileo faces the Inquisition for the first time 1630- 1680 HIGH BAROQUE 1648 Society of Friends (Quakers) founded 1600s, Poland & Transylvania: Unitarians 1600s, 1700s UK: Levellers & Dissenters (original Diggers?) Levellers: advocate religious and social equality 1648 The Agreement of the People (pamphlet) 1649 suppressed by Oliver Cromwell 1653 Peasants' revolt, Switzerland 1660 Cafe Procope opens in Paris 1665 Isaac Newton experiments on gravity 1670 First minute hands on watches "1692" Salem witch trials 1600s late to mid 1700s: dead period in art (court portraits, art) 1700s industrialism, highways, canals, sidewalk paving first classical composers; quadrille, minuet, waltz encylopedias, museums; threshing machine, cotton gin 1700 first American protest against slavery: `The Selling of Joseph' 1712 Slave revolts, NY 1712 Last execution for witchcraft in England 1714 Prussia: witchcraft trials abolished 1715 Rising of Native American tribes in South Carolina colony 1720 First collective settlemen in Vermont (which is this?) 1727 Quakers demand abolition of slavery (1728- Freemasons start) 1733 First? [N. Eur.] conscription - Prussia 1752 Benjamin Franklin discovers electricity 1759 Voltaire: Candide 1762 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract 1764 James Watt invents condenser, first step toward steam engine 1775 perfects 1782 1770 First public restaurant, Paris 1772 Inquisition abolished in France 1775- 1783 INDEPENDENCE WAR OF BRITAIN'S NO AMER COLONIES 1776 Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1777 Cooperative workshop for tailors at Birmingham 1784 first mail by coaches (London to Bristol) 1787 Shakers found Mount Lebanon, NY (which lasts until 1947) 1789 William Blake (1757-1827): Songs of Innocence 1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION Goya (1746-1828) 1791 Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man 1792 Denmark becomes first nation to abolish the slave trade Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women 1793 start of Napoleonic wars?? 1794 William Blake: Songs of Experience 1791- 1817 Goethe writing Wilhelm Meister published 1795? 1794 Slavery abolished in the French colonies (including New Orleans? start of music?) 1795 First poor relief/dole in Britain 1797 J.M.W. Turner(1775-1851): Millbank, Moonlight (he was 22) 1798 Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population (32) - - first generation to grow up after the French Revolution reaches their 20s - - 1800 Robert Owen (1771-1858) (29) takes over New Lanarck mills and starts social reforms 1802 atomic theory, biology 1802 Toussaint-L'Ouverture, Santo Domingo (Fr colony) slave revolt - surpressed 1803 New Orleans become part of U.S. (Louisiana Purchase) 1803 first passenger steamboat 1807 Ingres (1780-1867) 27: begins most famous painting 1808 Goethe writing Faust Part I - (1832 Part II) but see 1773 1808 Rebellion against Napoleon? in Madrid inspires Goya's paintings of revolution 1808 Napoleon abolishes the Inquisition in Spain & Italy 1810?- ROMANTICISM (Scott, Woodsworth, Byron, Shelley, Coleridge, Jane Austen, Keats, Hugo, Goethe?, Whitman) 1811 Luddite movement destroys industrial machines in N. England 1812 Grimms Brothers Fairy Tales (they were 26 & 27) 1812 Byron (24): Childe Harold's Pilgrimage tells of a hero who spent days similar to his own of 1808, when he had a skull found by his gardener on the grounds of Newstead Abbey polished and mounted as a drinking cup and gave a farewell party of drinking, masquerading as monks, romping with his tame bear, and entertaining his "Paphian girls" 1813 Robert Owen: A New View {?Outlook} of Society (UK) 1793- 1814 Napoleon defeated and sent to Elba 1814 George Stephenson invents & constructs first practical steam engine, near Newcastle, England 1815 On returning from Elba, Napoleon sends press-gangs into the student quarter in Paris, trying to round up an army; most escape and the tradition of anti-monarchy, anti-enlistment is established among Parisian students 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo Economic postwar crisis in England when? Byron, xx, Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822, Mary visit to xx 1816 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley writes Frankenstein 1817 First gaslight introduced in London 1817 South American independence: Simon Bolivar in Venezuela, 1818 Chile independence 1819 recession Maximum 12-hour work day for juveniles, England Freedom of the press in France 1820 Washington Colonization Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negroes 1820s word "slums" coined 1822 Charles Fourier (d. 1837): Traite [accents] de l'association domestique-agricole (Theorie de l'unitie universelle) (Paris) explain 1825 first railway opened - London 1825 first U.S. Owenist community, New Harmony, Indiana, founded (Shaker) 1757-1827 William Blake (America, A Prophecy when pub?) 1827 sulfur friction matches introduced J.J. Audubon: Birds of North America 1828 first railroad built in U.S. (Baltimore & Ohio) 1828 Working Men's Party founded, New York 1829 First cooperative stores in America (Philadelphia and NY) Omnibuses become part of London public transport 1830 Feb 25 Victor Hugo's Romantic Army formed at opening of his play Hermani at Theatre-Francais, Paris. They call themselves "Young France". 1830 6,000 Parisians die in revolution barricades ending the post-Napoleonic Bourbon restoration Ladies skirts grow shorter; sleeves and hats larger; men begin to wear stiff collars Religious society of Mormons founded, NY 1831 summer Hugo's followers (including poets Nerval, Gautier & Borel) [inspired by Byron] camp in tents around isolated rented Montmartre house, sleep on animal skins, and go naked, emitting animal howls; neighbors get landlord to drive them out 1831 Virginia slave revolt led by Negro Nat Turner Lyons, France uprisings by working class against wretched conditions Mass demonstrations in Swiss cities lead to popular reforms 1832 Jn 5-6 The poor of Paris, with their romantic allies, revolt against the new monarchy 1832 Parisian Saint-Simonian newspaper coins the word "socialism" Mass demonstrations in Germany New England Anti-Slavery Society founded, Boston 1833 Four Parisian artists, Gautier, Nerval, Houssaye, & Rogier create the first Bohemian house 1835 Alexis De Tocqueville: Democracy in America (published in Paris; published in US 1838) Hans Christian Anderson (1805-75) starts publishing fairy tales first negative photograph The expression "art for art's sake" comes into general use 1835- 42 Seminoles second war against the U.S. to avoid deportation and repel encroachment 1836 Working class movement, Chartism, founded in U.K. demand universal suffrage and vote by ballot Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte tries to bring about a revolt of the Fr? garrison at Strasbourg and is banished to America Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature electric? telegraph invented by Wheatstone 1837 financial and economic panic in eastern U.S. (+?) - revivals 1837- 1848 First modern industrial depression (U.K.) 1838 Cherokees sent on the Trail of Tears Chopin's liason with George Sand begins 1839 Voyage en Icarie by Etienne Cabet (1788-1856) (?describes socialist utopia) Daguerre invents his camera and takes first photograph first bicycle; first electric clock; Goodyear: vulcanization Louis Blanc: L'Organisation du Travail ("to each according to his needs, from each according to his abilities") Balzac uses the word "bohemian" for the first time to describe the new spontaneous, creative spirit 1840 Albert Brisbane: The Social Destiny of Man (follower of Fourier) published in U.S. Pierre Joseph Proudhon: "Property is theft" Penny post commenced, England 1840s "the hungry 40s" in England as the depression continues also rapid industrialisation Connecticut, Mass, and Penn pass laws limiting hours of employement of minors in textile factories Chartist movement builds nearly 300 cottages in five settlements for supporters who wish to become independent smallholders 1841 Christ, Gothic, & Murger (Paris artists?) form a Bohemian cenacle, The Society of the Water Drinkers, living in poverty for art, often visited by the older Hugolaters U.S.S. "Creole" slave revolt Punch first regular humorous magazine, U.K. 1841-47 Community at Brook Farm, Massachusetts (became Fourierest) 1839-42 Britain wins Opium War, forcing Chinese to accept opium instead of silver as payment for tea and silk 1840s Hashish introduced into Bohemian Paris by Gautier and others 1840s Gautier and Flaubert develop idea of "art for art's sake" 1841 First university degrees granted to women in America Travel agent Thomas Cook arranges his first excursion - to a temperance meeting in England 1842 Britain Chartism movement stages general strike Riots and strikes in industrial areas of N. England Polka comes into fashion 1843 Dickens: A Christmas Carol Sunday drumming & dancing gatherings of ?slaves? in Congo Square, New Orleans, terminated by city authorities; rituals taken into the church (?gradually) First Amana commune (Ebenezer, NY) (re-organized to share-holder community May 1932; still continuing) First Fourierist community founded in U.S. Dorothea Dix reports shocking conditions in Massachusetts prisons and asylums Congress funds Morse to build first telegraph line (Washington to Baltimore) "The Bohemian Girl" - London, Drury Lane (is this important?) Samuel C.S. Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy (1755-1843) 1844 Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers (co-operative) Karl Marx meets Friedrich Engels in Paris (YMCA founded, England) 1845 Friedrich Engels: The Conditions of the Working Class in England", published in Leipzig 1845-47 Thoreau lives at Walden Pond 1846 Brigham Young leads the Mormons to Salt Lake City start of Irish potato blight famine: 5 million die over 1847-52 from 1850-60 914,000 emigrate to US Sewing machine patented by Elias Howe 1847 British Factory Act restricts the working day for women and children between 13 and 18 - to 10 hours 1848 Oneida commune with complex marriage founded NY (to 1881) Revolution of 1848 by Parisian poor; 25,000 killed; socialist bourgeois republic created + revolts in Vienna, Venice, Berlin, Milan, Parma, Rome First socialist community founded in U.S. (Icaria); Texas, moves to Illinois, then Missouri, Iowa -- the generation born since the Paris revolt of 1830 is in its 20s: Gustave Moreau 22 (when was art?), Jules Verne 20 -- Dante Gabriel Rossetti 20, John Everett Millais 19, and William Holman Hunt 21, found Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, U.K. Marx and Engels: Communist Manifesto Thoreau: On The Duty of Civil Disobedience John Stuart Mill: Principles of Political Economy (is this important?) First Public Health Act in Britain Spiritualism becomes popular in U.S. Discovery of gold in California starts the gold rush 1848-9 Murger publishes chapters from Scenes de la Vie de Boheme, which is translated into many languages 1849 Revolts in Dresden and Baden; Ger. National Assembly passes constitution 1850 The Vegetarian Society founded, Manchester 1851 or 53? Ruskin: The Stones of Venice (man can only be free if he is being creative, and industrialism destroys this) 1852 Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte declares himself emperor of France; Victor Hugo opposes this and flees into exile First Congress of Co-operative Societies meets, London 1853 Haussman begins redesign of Paris, creating boulevards through lower class areas for ease of moving the army around and to keep the middle classes from moving out Crimean War begins: xx die of cholera until Florence Nightingale introduces sanitation William Morris starts college, meets Edward Burne-Jones, and discusses John Ruskin's Modern Painters with him Saltaire model village built, ne of Manchester 1854 "War for Bleeding Kansas" between free and slave states Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the Woods First street-poster pillars erected in Berlin 1854/5 James Whistler, American artist, is one of many artists who flow into Paris after having read Murger's accounts 1856 + Karl Marx living in London (observing cap sys) (when to when?) 1856? Golden spike joins the west coast of U.S. to the east 1857 US-wide depression, & economic crisis throughout Europe, caused by speculation in U.S. railroad shares Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded Charles Baudelaire: "Les Fleurs du mal" Pasteur shows that fermentation is caused by living organisms New Orleans legalizes licensed prostitutes 1858 Olmsted's design for New York's Central Park when? City Beautiful movement 1859 Darwin's Origin of the Species published John Stuart Mill (1806-73): On Liberty Internal combustion engine invented first self-help manual published (how to succeed in life) 1860 -- the generation coming of age with the revolt of 1848 is in its 20s: Dore & Manet 28, Burne-Jones 27, Morris 26, Degas & Whistler 26, Cezanne 21, Monet & Renoir & Rodin 20, + Lewis Carroll 28, Twain 25, Ramakrishna 24-- 1860s Can-can becomes the rage in Paris 1861 Confederate states ?cesede; U.S. Civil War starts U.S. introduces passport system Pasteur's germ theory of fermentation First horse-drawn trams in London and first daily weather broadcasts in Britain U.K.: William Morris (27) starts design firm leading to the birth of the Arts and Crafts movement Paul Cezanne (22) arrives in Paris 1862 U.S.: Homestead Act opens free land for pioneers Victor Hugo: Les Miserables Founding of Red Cross proposed by Swiss humanist Dunant 1863? U.S.: first Federal conscription (for the Civil War) (including 300 dollar buy-out) 1863 July five days: NYC Draft Riots, 105 killed, many Negro 1863 The "Salon de Refuses" in Paris: ?Edouard Manet's Luncheon on the Grass exhibited? and many others London begins constructing Underground railroad U.S. Congress establishes free city mail delivery 1863-4 8000 Navajos captured by Kit Carson and interned for four years in New Mexico, then sent to a reservation 1864 Dostoevsky: Notes From the Underground Mark Twain 29, arriving in San Francisco, finds a vigorous literary movement called The Bohemians Massacre of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians at Sand Creek, Colo. First International Workingmen's Association founded by Karl Marx, London and New York Tolstoi: War and Peace Octavia Hill begins London tenement-dwelling reforms 1865 U.S. Civil War ends Thirteenth amendment to US Constitution abolishes slavery Many freed blacks turn to farming, xxx, & music (minstrel shows, etc.) Lewis Carroll: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Atlantic cable completed First oil pipeline (in Pennsylvania) Ku Klux Klan founded, Pulaski, Tenn. First railroad sleeping cars (designed by Pullman), U.S. First train holdup (North Bend, Ohio) 1700 die in explosion of "Sultana", Mississippi River First carpet sweeper Commons Preservation Society founded, U.K. 1866 London's first department store 1866 (-67) Dostoevsky: Crime and Punishment "Black Friday" on London Stock Exchange 1867 First socialist member of N. Ger. Reichstag elected Marx: Das Kapital vol. 1 Paris Universal Exposition introduces Japanese art to the west and much more Straus: "Blue Danube" waltz first bicycles manufactured (France?) reinforced concrete patented gold discovered in Wyoming Mark Twain: The Jumping Frog . . . Baudelaire dies, the last of the old crowd? 1868 Painters begin to paint in Impressionist style: Claude Monet (28): The River (impressionist) Bakunin founds Alliance internationale de la democratie sociale plastic celluloid invented Nobel ?invents? dynamite End of Shogunate civil wars in Japan, establishment of young Meiji emperor, Japan starts to modernize 1869 U.S. National Prohibition Party formed in Chicago Red River Rebellion in Canada John Stuart Mill: On The Subjection of Women Bret Harte: The Outcasts of Poker Flat British debtors' prisons abolished First postcards, Austria 1840- 1870 Population of Paris nearly doubled: restaurants, cafes, theaters, hotels, department stores 1870s U.K. agricultural depression: many move to cities 1870 Louis Napoleon dismisses Haussman & loses war to Prussia Revolt in Paris and proclamation of Third Republic; siege of Paris by Prussia "Old Europe disappeared" wrote Henry Adams 1870s: all of west goes on the gold standard (to 1930s) U.K.: Education Act ?establishes public education? -> literacy of masses [when established in US?] Jules Verne: Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea 1871 A people's government, the Commune, holds Paris for two months Arthur Rimbaud, 17 arrives in Paris Fors Clavigera: Ruskin's anti-industry letters (explain) Charles Darwin: The Descent of Man Charles L. Dodgson: Through the Looking Glass first large modern luxury ocean liner launched 1872 First Intl Conf [of Socialism] the Hague: Rus anarchist Michael Bakunin defeated & expelled by Karl Marx Samuel Butler: Erewhon (explain) Cezanne and Pissarro at Auvers-sur-Oise first 8 hour day rule adopted in US - in NYC after six weeks of strikes in 3 of NYC's major industries Jules Verne: Around the World in 80 Days 1873 Rimbaud (19) writes A Season in Hell (couldn't afford to pay printer, so it stayed in the cellar of the print shop until 1901 or 2) Normalcy returns to France; many of Haussman's projects finished Financial panic in Vienna (May) and New York (Sept) US depression starts with closing of Jay Cooke's banking house (Knights of Labor formed) (-1878) 1874 First impressionist exhibition, Paris (named after Monet's painting: "Impression: Sunrise") James Whistler (living in U.K.): "Nocturne in Black & Gold" first Hutterites (350 year old European communal group) immigrate to U.S., found communes which still exist (in 1983: 33,000 members in 300 settlements, 100 of them in US) 1875 Theosophical Society founded by Helena Blavatsky, N.Y. Mary Baker Eddy: Science and Health first California community, Fountain Grove, founded, 2 miles n of Santa Rosa, Calif by Swedenborgian (to 1900) 1875-6 Workers attending Mutual Improvement Class, Sheffield decide to call themselves communist and to start communal farm: St. George's Farm 1876 First planned railway suburb: Bedford Park, west London Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone Degas: La Moulin de la Galette also saw as Renoir 1877 In depths of the depression, railroad workers strike in a dozen U.S. cities American Socialist Labor Party formed first Farmers Alliance formed Compromise of 1877: Southern electoral votes support Republican Presidential candidate (Hayes) in return for financial aid and continuation of the Southern power structure William Morris gets involved in politics as a Socialist Monet: Gare Saint-Lazare first public telephones (U.S.) Thomas Alva Edison invents phonograph Third impressionist exhibition, Paris Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings founded 1878 Microphone invented by David Hughes first bicycles in U.S. manufactured (A.A. Pope) first electric street lighting - London Auguste Renoir (d. 1919): Le Moulin de la Galette (but see 1876 - is this another one?) Edgar Degas (-1917):The Glass of Absinthe, Prima Ballerina First popular musical comedy?? Gilbert & Sullivan: H.M.S. Pinafore 1879 Henry George: Progress and Poverty Paul Cezanne (d. 1906): Fruit Bowl, Glass, & Apples 1880 Thomas Alva Edison and J.W. Swan independently invent incandescent lamp (=first practical electric light bulb) 1880? London's first telephone exchange canned fruits and meats first appear in stores Carnegie develops first large steel furnace Captain Boycott, land agent in Mayo, Ireland is "boycotted" for refusing to accept rents fixed by his tenants Vincent Van Gogh begins painting 1880s -- first generation born after 1848 reaches its 20s: Van Gogh, Freud, Shaw, Baden-Powell, Seurat, Mahler, Steiner, Debussy, Delius, Much, Touluse-Lautrec, Yeats -- First land-use zoning: Modesto, California: attempt to control the spread of Chinese laundaries bicycling clubs, U.K. 1881 first of all cabarets "Chat Noir" founded in Paris Icaria Speranza community founded, Sonoma County, Calif Tuskegee Institute founded by Booker T. Washington Rational Dress Society, U.K. 1882 Edison designs first hydroelectric plant, Wisconsin Manet: "Bar aux Folies-Bergere" Nietzsche (28): Beyond Good and Evil Cezanne: "Self Portrait" (wasn't this sort of pre-cubist?) 1883 The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: Andrew Mearns The Fellowship of the New Life, U.K. Fabian Society founded, London; Shaw joins 1884 Nietzsche: Thus Spake Zarathustra first synthetic fiber produced (Eng. scientist Sir Joseph Swan) first skyscraper built in Chicago (ten stories) Buffalo Bill Cody organizes "Wild West Show" Bismarck introduces sickness insurance in Germany Howard Williams: The Ethics of Diet popularizes vegetarian diet in U.K. 1884 new recession U.S. George Eastman: sensitized roll film Gottlieb Daimler: internal combusion engine = automobile Georges Seurat (25): Bathers Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (20) moves to Montmartre National Footpaths Preservation Society, U.K. Art Workers' Guild, U.K. first regular comic strip, U.K. (Ally Sloper's Half Holiday) 1885 Karl Benz builds single-cylinder engine for motor car Gottlieb Daimler: motorcycle first English electrical tram car (Blackpool) 1886 Feb 8 London: meeting of 3-5000 unemployed workers in Trafalgar Square met by 600 police officers, goes into riot 1886 1400+ strikes (1881-85, average 500/year) 1886 May U.S.: nationwide strikes for 8-hour day Haymarket strike for 8 hour day & bombing, Chicago 1886 Farmers Alliance joins with Knights of Labor to become Populist movement 1886 fall Henry George, running as Independent Labor Party nominee for mayor of New York, comes in second 1886 Kaweah Colony, site of present Yosemite Natl Park, Calif (to 1902) American Federation of Labor founded Eighth and last Impressionist Exhibition, Paris Apache leader Geronimo surrenders, Apaches sent to ?p.o.w. ?camps in Florida and Oklahoma 1887 Allotment Act: Indian tribal holdings broken up into individual holdings Fabian Society (led by Sidney Webb & Bernard Shaw): Facts for Socialists Van Gogh: "Moulin de la Galette" huh?? 1887 Oct 23 London: huge crowds gathering daily in Hyde Park and Trafalgar Square to hear speeches turns into mob Nov 12 Trafalgar Square police defeat Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward 1888 "police battle unemployed dmnstrtrs, Trafalgar Sq (same?) Nikola Tesla constructs A.C. electric motor George Eastman perfects "Kodak" box camera J.B. Dunlop invents pneumatic tire William Burroughs: commerically practical adding-list machine first of all beauty contests held: Spa, Belgium "Jack the Ripper" murders six women in London Port Sunlight model village Charles Ashbee starts Guild & School of Handicraft, Whitechapel Paul Gauguin: "The Vision After the Sermon" Van Gogh: "The Yellow Chair" 1888-89 Burlington strike 1889 London Dock Strike Oklahoma is opened to non-Indian settlement Punch card system created by H. Hollerith Moulin Rouge opens (Place Blanche) Edward Carpenter: Civilization: Its Cause and Cure (U.K.) Abbotsholme School founded, Derbyshire (explain) Jan Addams sets up Hull House in immigrant slums of Chicago Vincent Van Gogh: Wheat Field and Cypress Trees 1889- 90 Methwold Fruit Farm Colony, Norfolk 1890 Standard Oil becomes the first U.S. industrial `Trust' Sherman Anti-Trust Law Mississippi becomes first Southern state to draw up new constitution to control who could vote Sitting Bull, Sioux leader, assassinated, Sioux sought refuge at Pine Ridge Dec (last Indian massacre) Wounded Knee, South Dakota: U.S. army kills 300 of 350 Vincent Van Gogh dies (37!?) U.K.: William Morris: News from Nowhere (describes socialist utopia) Jacob Riis (Danish sociologist studying U.S.): How the Other Half Lives Sir James Frazer: The Golden Bough Healthy and Artistic Dress Union, U.K. "Comic Cuts" and "Chips" comic papers, U.K. (-1953) 1890s -- first generation born after birth of modern Europe 187O reaches its 20s: Dreiser, Mann, Proust, Gertrude Stein, Jack London, Rilke, Robert Frost -- "the Gay Nineties" Classic Bohemian society in Paris's Latin Quarter; Four Arts Balls held yearly; Toulouse-Lautrec, Jarry, Bonnard, Gide, Mallarme, etc. Railways permit middle class to move to countryside around London (& start of Back To The Land movement) first public bathing place on the river at Cambridge (men only) (1890s: diptheria, typhoid, smallpox & dysentery epidemics) Racist legislation in New Orleans forces Creoles, among the prosperous families of the city, into social & occupational contact with blacks; leads to changes in the music, as Creoles are educated & could read music 1891 first(?) U.S. miners strike, Tennessee 1891-3 Gauguin settles and paints in Tahiti 1892 strikes all over the U.S.: iron & steel workers; gen strike New Orleans; railroad strike Buffalo NY; miners strike Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; Homestead steelworkers, Pennsylvania U.S.: Populist candidates in presidential and other elections Diesel patents his internal combustion engine First automatic telephone switchboard Bedales School, Sussex Home Colonization Society founded Monet begins series of paintings of Rouen Cathedral (-1895) Toulouse-Lautrec: "At the Moulin Rouge" first newspaper comic strips in U.S. newspapers (S.F. Examiner) 1893 Depression (worst in US so far), & riots in California U.S. adopts single gold standard, basis of capital centralism Henry Ford builds his first car George Poore, M.D.: Essays in Rural Hygiene: introduces earth closet in Britain Edvard Munch: The Scream ART NOUVEAU appears in Europe Buddy Bolden (14) is "king" of black Nola music 1894 Coxey leads mass march of unemployed to Washington Pullman Strike, Pres. Cleveland sends troops to put down; Eugene Debs, who helped organized it, sent to prison for six months Altruria community, Sonoma County, Calif (to 1895) Populist Party gets 40% of congressional elections vote Aubrey Beardsley (22) drawings for Salome 1895 Rontgen discovers x-rays Marconi invents radio (=wireless) telgraph Maryland Colony, Essex: first intensive agricultural coloney for city market (lasted 10+ years) Bouesville (ck spell) model village (Cadbury chocolate) first public film show, Paris (Hotel Scribe) H.G. Wells: The Time Machine Art Nouveau style predominates 1895-6 Bohemian "Les Jeunes" in San Francisco publish journal "The Lark" 1896 Supreme Court ruling against Homer Adolph Plessy for refusing to occupy a seat in the colored car of a Louisiana train sets up the "separate but equal" doctrine Populists enticed into Democratic Party to elect William Jennings Bryan, who lost anyway, to Republican William McKinley, supported by the first massive money campaign "La Boheme" - opera by Puccini based on Murger's work, opens in Turin, popularizes bohemian life "Die Jugend" & "Simplicissimus" Ger. art magazines, Munich Hearst starts first comics newspaper supplement when? discovery of gold in Black Hills of Dakota brings vast new influx of white settlers into Sioux territory 1896 Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer at the battle of Little Big Horn; later (when?) defeated at Tongue River Valley 1896-7 Purleigh Colony, Essex (commune) -1898 Whiteway Colony, Cotswalds (proposed to be deeded to God) -1901 1897 Royal Automobile Club founded, London Vienna: Klimt, Schiele and others: first Secessionist exhibition William Morris: Forecasts of the Coming Century (posth.) (get this) Henri Rousseau: "Sleeping Gypsy" In the wake of the opening of a large U.S. Navy base in New Orleans, Alderman Charles Storyville sponsors an ordinance to limit prostitution to one area of the city, bordered by the Mississippi River, Perdido & Basin Streets; it is nicknamed "Storyville" and becomes the center for the development of ragtime piano (Jelly Roll Morton, etc.) 1898 U.S. fights Spanish-American War photographs first taken using artificial light Paris Metro opened Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of To-Morrow proposes suburban planned developments with their own employment UK: Folk Song Society founded Aubrey Beardsley dies (26) H.G. Wells: The War of the Worlds Alfred Jarry: Ubu Roi The MacKintosh School of Art, Glasgow: art nouveau architecture Peter Kropotkin: Fields, Factories and Workshops (explain) First ragtime song published 1897, by twelve months later the first dance craze (?Scott Jopline's Maple Leaf Rag - sold 1 million copies in U.S. alone) 1899 first magnetic recording of sound London County Council buys land for first suburb, connected by electric railway (Totterdown Fields, opened 1903), meant to relieve crowding in inner city slums 1890- 1914 Invention of: the telephone, cheap camera, phonograph, rotary press & linotype, photoengraving, railroad air-brake & sleeping car, electric street car, skyscraper, suspension bridge, motor vehicles, airplane, typewriter, bicycle, electric light, motion picture, public library, scientific medicine, department store, ocean liner, refrigeration, elecvator, sewing machine, gas stove, steam heating, hot running water + traffic light Also: Art Nouveau: Vienna, London, Paris, Munich, Barcelona, Glasgow, San Francisco 1900 Sigmund Freud: Interpretation of Dreams L. Frank Baum: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Cake Walk becomes the most fashionable dance Silent Film era begins 1900-2 214 Negro lynchings 1900s Start and growth of the Wandervogel movement in Germany 1901 First U.S. legislation to set up building codes, meant to improve living conditions in big city slums First London housing co-op founded: Ealing Tenants Limited Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland William Maybach, technical director at the Daimler works, constructs the first Mercedes car J.P. Morgan organizes U.S. Steel Corporation Frank Norris: The Octopus (exposes rr monopolies) Rudolf Steiner founds anthroposophy H.G. Wells: Anticipations predicts car-only motorways (get this) Ragtime jazz develops in U.S. 1902 Coal strike in U.S., May-Oct William James: The Varieties of Religious Experience Enrico Caruso makes his first phonograph recording 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully fly a powered airplane (first manned flight) First Garden City started, built by co-operative association: Letchworth, England (north of London) 1904 War between Japan and Russia - first time U.S. gets involved as a world power economic recession New York City opens first subway segment 10-hour work day: France first radio transmission of music (Austria) first practical photoelectric cell (Elster) first ultraviolet lamps Rolls-Royce Company founded first telgraphic transmission of photographs New York policeman arrests woman for smoking cigarette in public Jean Jaures issues socialist newspaper "L'Humanite", Paris Ivan Pavlov wins Nobel prize (explain) ?wrong? Freud: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism James Barrie: Peter Pan Herman Hesse (27): Peter Camenzind (first book) 1905 June Niagara Movement first meeting, called by W.E.B. Du Bois June I.W.W. (Wobblies) founded, Chicago, by William Haywood, Mother Jones, Father Thomas J. Hagerty, Lucy Parsons, Daniel De Leon, & Eugene V. Debs and 200 others 1905 street fighting in Petersburg crushed by police Sinn Fein Party founded, Dublin Jack London runs for mayor of ?? First Fauve exhibit (Paris) (Matisse, Roualt +) Bohemians of Carmel-by-the-Sea, Calif.: George Sterling, Jack London, Mary Austin, etc. roughing it Jack London: The Road - about hobo life Hermann Hesse: Unterm Rad first regular cinema established (Pittsburgh, Pa), Alternative schools start, U.K.: St. Christopher's (near Letchworth Garden City) Albert Einstein (26): Special Theory of Relativity first neon light signs Nipsell's Farm, Essex: intensive cultivation Debussy: "Golliwogs Cakewalk" 1906 Nightshift work for women internationally forbidden First radio program of voice and music, U.S. First parkway started, Long Island: limited-access highway designed for private-car traffic only, and landscaped Upton Sinclair: The Jungle (Chicago stockyard) -> U.S. Pure Food and Drugs Act Jack London: The Iron Heel F.A. Morton: The Simple Life on Four Acres (fourth in Cottage Farm Series by simple-life publisher A.C. Fifield) Buddy Bolden, 28, the first "king" of New Orleans Storyville music, stops playing 1907 Depression(?) in US: Panic of 1907 causes run on banks stopped by J.P. Morgan's importation of $100 million in gold from Europe Pres. Theodore Roosevelt bars Japanese from immigrating to U.S. First suburb specifically based on the automobile: Country Club District, Kansas City (& at low density) Louis Lumiere develops process for color photography Alice B. Toklas & Gertrude Stein move to Europe First Cubist exhibition, Paris Pablo Picasso (25) : "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" Claude Monet painting water lilies at Giverny Henri Rousseau: "The Snake Charmer" Montessori [explain] Baden-Powell founds Boy Scouts 1908 August Springfield, Illinois: white woman's accusation of Negro rape (later retracted) sets off riot which destroys Negro businesses and ransacks Negro homes; Negro barber and 84 year old Negro man, married to white woman 30 years, lynched; 5000 militia sent in to suppress 1908 First steel and glass building (Berlin factory) General Motors Corporation formed Ford Motor Company produces first Model "T" Fauves works first shown in U.S. Matisse coins the term "Cubism" Gertrude Stein: Three Lives Isadora Duncan becomes popular interpreter of dance "Ashcan School" founded - realistic portrayals of life: Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Luks, William Glackens, George Bellows, Everett Shinn 1909 Commercial manufacture of Bakelite, to be used in plastics Spokane, Washington: 600 Wobblies arrested for free speech Futurist manifesto published, Italy Vassily Kandinsky's first abstract paintings Henri Matisse: Harmony in Red (Red Room) Sergei Diaghilev: first Ballet Russe presentation, Paris 1910 NAACP formed first Socialist elected to Congress Henri Rousseau: The Dream (& dies) Erik Satie starts composing again Alfred Stieglitz's 291 Gallery, NY Frank Lloyd Wright's architecture becoming well known the "week-end" becomes popular in the U.S. South American tango popular in Europe and U.S. 1910s Paris: Utrillo, Apollinaire, Braque, Modigliani, Derain, Picasso, Gertrude Stein, Andre Gide, Brancusi, Lipchitz, Legere, Soutine, Chagall The hobble skirt, which could daringly expose 5-8 inches of ankle. 1911 Taylor publishes book on "scientific management" of labor Fire at the unionized Triangle Shirtwaist Company, NY Thousands arrested in Fresno, Calif free speech fight and free speech fight in Aberdeen, Washington First 12 states pass workmen's compensation laws 73 Socialist mayors & 1200 Socialist city officials in 340 cities elected term "Expressionism" first used for Fauves T.S. Eliot: The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock Hermann Hesse: Journey to India Picasso & Braque start painting fragmented forms 1910-11 First use of `jazz' to describe Nola music style Heyday of Nola jazz, including Freddie Keppard, Edward `Kid' Ory, and especially Joe `King' Oliver (26), who merged hot music with the smoothness of the Creole bands. Louis Armstrong (12) starts visits to Storyville to hear them. Sidney Bechet, age 14, starts to play publicly with Bunk Johnson's band. May 1 election of Socialist governments in over 20 U.S. cities (plus Eugene Debs gets 900,000 votes for President) Chinese Revolution - Sun Yat-sen becomes first president 1912 Jan-Mar IWW helps with American Woolen Company strikes, Lawrence, Mass; children sent to families in New York City to be taken care of San Diego Wobbly free-speech arrests Women Suffrage parades + 79 Socialist majors & larger number of Demo & Rep reform mayors elected throughout the US Polish chemist coins the term "vitamine" Cloud chamber photographs detect protons and electrons S.S. Titanic sinks on maiden voyage: 1,513 drowned C.G. Jung: The Theory of Psychoanalysis Picasso & Braque start cubist collage Marcel Duchamp: "The Bride" Kandinsky (Munich) & Delauney & Kupka (Paris): abstraction Stravinsky: "Sacre du Printemps" (riot at ?Paris? premiere) Arnold Schonberg (Vienna): 12-tone ?scale? 1912 -17 Greenwich Village: John Reed, xx at Mabel Dodge's Wednesday evenings salons & ("before & after WWI") Gertrude Stein's Saturday gatherings in Paris: Sylvia Beach, Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, xx 1913 June Paterson Strike Pageant at Madison Square Garden, NYC Sept Colorado coal strike starts 1913 Henry Ford brings together techniques to begin first mass-production plant (for automobiles), Highland Park (Mich??) Federal income tax introduced in US through 16th Amendment Marcel Proust: first part of A la recherche du temps perdu Matisse invents the term "Cubism" Intl Exhibition of Modern Art at NY Armory introduces introduces modernism to US (cubists & futurists including Duchamp: "Nude Descending a Staircase"; Marcel Duchamp starts creating "readymades" including the "Bicycle Wheel" and the "Bottle Rack" D.H. Lawrence (28): Sons and Lovers The foxtrot first Chaplin movies Albert Schweitzer opens hospital in Lambarene, French Congo Apaches allowed to move to reservations in Oklahoma & New Mexico 1914 April Ludlow Massacre ends Colorado coal strike Irving Berlin ?first pop? Giorgio De Chirico: "Mystery and Melancholy of a Street" Llano del Rio socialist community, Antelope Valley, Calif (to 1917/18) WORLD WAR I starts in Europe 1915 Joe Hill executed in Utah Negro migration from the south (some 90% still there) begins, as the war cuts off flow of immigration to the north and work is available in munitions and other factories First transcontinental phone call Patrick Geddes: Cities in Evolution - predicts megalopolis Margaret Sanger jailed for writing Family Limitation, first book on birth control Classic New Orleans jazz heyday Francis Picabia & Duchamp's first trip to US (NY); meet Alfred Stieglitz & Picabia & Man Ray: readymades Charlie Chaplin: The Tramp (Tetanus epidemics in the trenches) 1916 spring Verdun summer San Francisco Preparedness Parade bomb kills 9 people; Tom Mooney & Warren Billings arrested & spend 20 years in prison Margaret Sanger joins in opening first birth control clinic Jazz sweeps the U.S. 1916 Feb 5 Dada born as conscientious objectors meet in Zurich: Hugo Ball (German poet & philosopher); Tristan Tzara (Romanian poet); Marcel Janco (Romanian poet and painter); Hans Arp (Alsatian, later a sculptor) - first "Cabaret Voltaire" at Hollandische Malerei bar. Jun 23 Cabaret Voltaire shut down by public demand. (1916 Rabindrnath Tagore visits US) James Joyce: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1917 Socialist gains in elections Apr 6 US enters WORLD WAR I summer Socialist antiwar meetings draw 5000, 10,000, 20,000 June Espionage Act July First open urban riot ?involving black & white youths?: East St Louis July 1 Boston: 8000 anti-war marchers when? The Masses and other periodicals containing antiwar articles banned from the mails 65,000 conscientious objectors; 900 imprisoned under Espionage Act; 450 arrested in Green Corn anti-draft Rebellion Sept Dept of Justice raids on 48 IWW meeting halls; 165 Wobblies arrested for conspiracy to hider the draft Nov Russian Bolshevik/Communist "October" Revolution when? Four women arrested for picketing White House for woman's suffrage sentenced to six months in jail I.W.W. demos against war result in raids on their offices New Orleans Storyville brothels section shut by Secretary of Navy; increases trend of blacks, including musicians, already heading north due to lynchings (3,600 in the south and parts of the midwest since the Civil War) and a southern economic depression; many wind up in Chicago & other northern cities. Sidney Bechet (20) joins a tour that goes thru Chicago and stays there. Original Dixieland Jazz Band (all-white musicians) opens in New York and first ever jazz recordings made by them 1918 early Picabia in Zurich meets the Dadaists June Eugene V. Debs sentenced to 10 years for violating the Espionage (and sedition) Act (commuted 1921) Oct-Nov street fighting in Berlin: November revolution - councils of workers, soldiers, intellectuals take over governing summer: Berlin Dada gives numerous performances trying to influence Germans to (not give in) [Greil Marcus] but ?Weimer Republic ?gradually takes over Nov WORLD WAR I ends: 8.5 mill dead, 21 mill wounded, 7.5 mill prisoners and missing +worldwide influenza epidemic, kills 22 million by 1920 Llano del Rio community, Louisiana founded (to 1938) Marcel Duchamp: Tu m' Aldous Huxley (24): The Defeat of Youth Pinero: "The Freaks, an Idyll of Suburbia" London whaa? Joe `King' Oliver and Freddie Keppard join Sidney Bechet (21) in Chicago, at the Royal Gardens & the Dreamland Cafe; 1918-20 Stravinsky writes 3 pieces based on black music 1919 Jan 5 Spartacists, led by Karl Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg, lead revolt to renew November revolution - lasts 6 days (in Berlin); when? Rosa Luxembourg assassinated (49) Jan 16 Prohibition (18th amendment) ratified by 36th state (starts 1920) Feb Seattle general strike when? Eugene V. Debs and Scott Nearing tried under the Espionage and Sedition Laws for anti-war positions, Debs sent to penitentiary at 63 for 32 months (see 1918) 19 July 27 Chicago beach riot involving white & black youths: one of bloodiest in US history: 15 white, 23 Negroes dead; 537 injured [Jazz history book said "summer of black riots" - see below] Sept Allegeny County (Penn?) steel mill strike Dec 21 Palmer Raids: 249 aliens rounded up and set to U.S.S.R., including Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman Recession(?) in U.S. Amer. steel strike til Jan 1920; NY dock workers strike Over 70 Negroes lynched, including 10 soldiers just back from the war; 25 riots in the summer (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Washington D.C., and Chicago - 13 day riot - first big Northern race-riot (36 killed, 536 injured) Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association has two million members [blacks, back from WWI, but still not treated as equals] League of Nations first meeting UK: Addison Act provides for building of millions of subsidized dwellings in suburbs, all dependent on London for employment Robert Goddard publication starts American rocketry First nonstop flight across Atlantic Jazz arrives in Europe: Sidney Bechet (22) makes first tour Hermann Hesse: Demian Proust starts publication of La Recherche du Temps Perdu Picabia & Duchamp to Paris; spread Dadaism to Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Philippe Soupault, Paul Eluard Bauhaus school of design founded, Germany 1920 Jan 4000 aliens arrested & deported spring two friends of man among those arrested in January arrested for carrying guns in self defense: Sacco & Vanzetti imprisoned for 7 years, electrocuted Aug 1927 Aug 26 19th amendment, giving women the vote, ratified 1920 KKK revived and spread North unemployment drops wealth concentrates to the wealthiest Bomb explosion in Wall St kills 35, wounds 130 1920 The Great Red Scare 1920?? 1921?? immigration to U.S. cut off 1920 Unemployment insurance introduced in U.K. and Austria Adolf Hitler announces his 25-point program in Munich First (?hmmm) commercial radio broadcasts 1920 Sinclair Lewis: Main Street Bertrand Russell: The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism Jan: Picabia & Tristan Tzara to Paris Big Year of Dada, & breakup (ended 1922) First Intl Dada Festival, Berlin, including Duchamp's Mona Lisa with beard & goatee; Max Ernst + ["Visitors to exh of Dadaist Art in Cologne are allowed to smash paintings"] Duchamp returns to NY First blues recorded (by Mamie Smith) 1920s US: flappers, Isadora Duncan (d. 1927) U.S.: for the first time suburbs growing faster (2x as fast) than, and by almost as many people as, cities & transit systems for first time report falling ridership and loss of profits 1920-25 Half of US literature written in Greenwich Village Paris: Hemingway, Stein, John Dos Passos, Sherwood Anderson + First (Freudian) psychiatric clinic opened (Berlin), International Journal of Psycho-Analysis started 1921 May Race-riot, Tulsa, Oklahoma (50 whites, 200 Negros killed) Saccho and Vanzaetti found guilty of murder KKK activities become violent throughout southern U.S. German reparation payments set; rapid fall of Ger mark, inflation starts; Hitler's storm troopers (SA) begin terrorizing political opponents First fast-food outlet (White Castle chain, Kansas City) Swiss physician M.O. Bircher-Benner recommends the intake of more uncooked foods in The Fundaments of Our Nutrition Summerhill School founded (explain) Ulysses trial (US v The Little Review) - lost, but The Little Review continues publishing excerpts anyway D.H. Lawrence: Women in Love Aldous Huxley (27): Chrome Yellow Pablo Picasso: Three Musicians 1922 Stockmarket "boom" starts in US after depression New KKK, assuming the name of the post-Civil War organization, gains political power in U.S. Gandhi sentenced to six years prison for civil disobedience (for what was this?) Mussolini's March on Rome & forms Fascist government Dr. Marie Stopes holds mtgs in London advocating birth control Joe `King' Oliver calls Louis Armstrong (22) to join his band in Chicago T.S. Eliot: The Wasteland e.e. cummings: first book of poetry James Joyce: Ulysses [written 1914-21]; Sylvia Beach publishes in Paris, banned in U.S. & U.K. ["U.S. Post Office burns 500 copies upon arrival in U.S."] Hermann Hesse: Siddhartha (Charleston dance first seen in a show "Liza" in Harlem) 1923 Teapot Dome oil scandal World's first car-based shopping centre started: Country Club Plaza in Country Club District, Kansas City U.S. traffic congestion in some cities so bad that there is talk of barring cars from downtown streets First birth-control clinic opens in NY 200,000 attend tri-state conclave of KKK, Kokomo, Ind.; martial law established in Oklahoma for protection from KKK Value of German darks drops against dollar; Hitler attempts coup d'etat "Bix" Beiderbecke organizes jazz band in Chicago (?including Tommy Dorsey) (April) first recordings by a black jazz band: Joseph "King" Oliver's band; also "Jelly Roll" Morton records Louis Armstrong leading the start of The Jazz Age in Chicago (Edna St. Vincent Millay poetry - Pulitzer Prize) Duchamp returns to Paris, stops doing art (-> chess) Cotton Club opens, NYC's Harlem (by white gangsters for white after-theater guests): 142nd St & Lenox Ave. July Dada ends with a performance of Tristan Tzara's play "Le Coeur a() Gas in Paris when a battle erupts between the followers of Tzara & the followers of Breton, and police are called in. [Associated w Dada: Kurt Schwitters, Francis Picabia, Philippe Soupault, Jean Cocteau, Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Andre Breton - besides the founders.) 1924 U.S. bill limits immigrants, excludes all Japanese J. Edgar Hoover appointed director FBI Hitler sentenced to 5 years; released after 8 months Gandhi fasts to protest Hindu/Moslem feuds Le Corbusier: The City of Tomorrow (saw as 1929 also) Insecticides used for first time Big Year of Surrealism (First Manifesto): led by Andre Breton, w Max Ernst, Yves Tanguy, Paul Delvaux, Joan Miro, Rene Magritte (Black Bottom dance first seen in show: `Dinah' in Harlem) Mid-day dresses/skirts 1925 (John T.) Scopes trial, Tennessee (H.L. Mencken & Clarence Darrow - vs. William Jennings Bryan) First woman governor - Nellie Tayloe Ross, Wyoming Hitler reorganizes Nazi Party (27,000 members), publishes Mein Kampf vol. 1 1925 Aug A. Philip Randolph heads new Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1925 La Revue Negre, with Josephine Baker (20), starts new Paris jazz rage: "Jazz, Chicago style, arrives in Europe" The Charleston (invented ca 1904, 1907) seen by whites in Broadway show "Runnin Wild" & becomes dance craze [or at least at the Cotton Club, intro'd by Eleida Webb; - 1927] Charlie Chaplin: The Gold Rush; Garbo Franz Kafka: The Trial published (posth.) (d.1924) F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby Benton MacKay: `The New Exploration' in Survey magazine predicts that America will have to become more European; also develops the idea of the townless highway, or `motorway' Scotch inventor John Logie Baird transmits recognizable human features by television 1925- 1950 Golden Age of Radio 1926 Goddard fires first liquid fuel rocket Werner Heisenberg further develops the quantum theory (is this the uncertainty principle?) First vitamin (B) isolated in pure form Kodak produces first 16mm movie film Supreme Court establishes constitutionality of zoning Fascist youth organizations in Italy & Germ founded (co-opting Wandervogel movement?) Jelly Roll Morton's and Duke Ellington's first records appear Black Bottom dance seen in Broadway show "Scandels of 1926" Ernest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises Franz Kafka: The Castle published (posth.) A.A. Milne: Winnie the Pooh Duchamp's The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Even shown at the Brooklyn Museum in a "definitive stage of incompletion" 1927 Sacco and Vanzetti executed "Black Friday" in Germany: economic system collapses Socialists riot in Vienna/general strike following acquittal of Nazis for political murder Building 85% of world's cars, US has 1 for every 5 Americans or 1 for approximately 2 families (?= half families had cars?) (is this the height of 20s car ownership?) Lindbergh flies "Spirit of St. Louis" monoplane, NY to Paris I.P. Pavlov: Conditioned Responses Josephine Baker is Parisian star The first talkie film (Al Jolson in "The Jazz Singer") Hermann Hesse: Steppenwolf Kafka: Amerika (posth.) Sinclair Lewis: Elmer Gantry Upton Sinclair: Oil! Marcel Proust: A la recherche du temps perdu (posth.) Isadora Duncan dies Edward Hopper: "Manhattan Bridge" (Amer. modern) Slow fox trot 1928 First suburb planned with clustered housing in neighborhood units unbroken by traffic streets: Radburn, New Jersey Planner Edward Bassett coins term `freeway' (New York Times) Margaret Mead: Coming of Age in Samoa G.B. Shaw: The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Soc & Cap Aldous Huxley: Point Counterpoint (Gershwin: "An American in Paris" - NY) D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover published in Italy but banned in U.S. Georgia O'Keeffe: "Nightwave" (Amer. abstract painting) Dali to Paris & joins Surrealists (main work 1929-34) First Mickey Mouse films (Disney) First color motion pictures exhibited by Eastman First scheduled television broadcasts (NY) (? see 1939) J.L. Baird demonstrates color t.v. First restricted use of teleprinters & teletypewriters Amelia Earhardt is first woman to fly across Atlantic Charleston is "worldwide" dance craze 1928-33 New housing construction drops 95% 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre: six notorious Chicago gangsters machine-gunned to death by rival gang spring textile strikes through Carolinas and Tennessee Oct 28 U.S. Stock Exchange collapses (Black Friday) starting Great Depression, world economic crisis Oct 29 N.Y. Stock market drops xxx points (Blue Monday); U.S. securities lose 26 billion dollars in value First Howard Johnsons (Massachusetts) Talkies kill silent films Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms Eric Maria Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front best seller Robert Graves: Goodby to All That (important?) Second Surrealist Manifesto Virginia Woolf: A Room of One's Own Georgia O'Keeffe: "Black Flower and Blue Larkspur" End of 1920s- NY Harlem (Negro) ballrooms: Small's Paradise, the Renaissance, the Savoy: Lindy Hop - start of r&r rhythms & fast tempo Cab Calloway is a hit at NYC's (Harlem) Savoy Ballroom 1930 Photoflash bulb; picture telegraphy service Brit-Germ Hermann Hesse: Narcissus & Goldmund Sinclair Lewis: Babbitt (Nobel Prize) Sigmund Freud: Civilization and Its Discontents Henri Matisse: "The Dance" (Fr expressionism) (reck: started much earlier) Paris: Alberto Giacometti (Swiss) creates first Surrealist object `Suspended Ball' Bunuel & Dali: L'age d'Or (film) Piet Mondrian (i.e.) Skirt hemlines plunge to 8 inches from the floor (mid-calf) 1930s Paris: Miller, Nin + Durrell?? San Francisco: Black Cat Cafe (Marx Brothers) when? Duke Ellington & then Cab Calloway hit at Cotton Club 1931 Bankruptcy of Ger. Danatbank leads to closure of all Ger banks Ger millionaires support Nazi Party (800,000 members) Al "Scarface" Capone, gangster, jailed for income tax evasion First woman elected to U.S. Senate- Hattie Caraway (D-Ark) Empire State Building completed, NY Dali: "Persistence of Memory" Clark Gable begins Hollywood career Chaplin: "City Lights" Edward Hopper: "Route 6, Eastham" Sidney Bechet settled in Paris 1932 330 self-help organizations in 37 states, with 300,000 members Ger elections: Nazi Party majority in Reichstag Hitler quote get this MyJn Bonus March on Washington, troops drive out Nov FDR ?elected, but Communist Party candidate gets more than a million votes Reconstruction Finance Corporation est by Congress to lend to rebuild US economy: 1.5 billion by year's end [before FDR?] Japan begins undercutting world market prices Hermann Hesse: A Journey to the East Black Elk Speaks: John Neihardt Brave New World: Aldous Huxley Louis-Ferdinand Celine: Voyage au bout de la nuit Childbirth Without Fear: Grantly Dick-Read Giacometti: The Palace at 4 A.M. created Calder: mobiles exhibited Shirley Temple's first film Amelia Earhart first woman to fly solo across Atlantic 1933 worst? year of Great Depression [when do soup kitchns etc start] Hitler - Ger Chancellor; book-burning, concentration camps, boycott of Jews FDR's hundred days of legislation: Agr Adjustment and Fed Emerg Relief Acts, National Recovery Act and Farm Credit Act, Public Works Administration (PWA), Home Owners Loan Corporation (first low interest mortgages - to stem farm foreclosures), US Securities Act: requires more info provided to investors Apr 19 US goes off gold standard Dec 5 Prohibition repeal ratification completed (21st amendment) Dec 6 James Joyce's Ulysses finally declared legal and publishable in U.S. Dorothy Day & others start Catholic Worker newspaper, New York City; House of Hospitality opened "soon after" C.G. Jung: Modern Man in Search of a Soul Ralph Borsodi: Flight From The City Kandinsky and Klee leave Ger for Fr & Switz respectively; 60,00 other artists (authors, actors, painters, musicians) leave Ger 1933-39 George Orwell: Down and Out in Paris and London Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas Mae West: "She Done Him Wrong" 1930s early Hollywood Production Code drives sex off the screen (after?) 1933- 42 Alan Lomax records Leadbelly, Jelly Roll Morton, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, many other folk & jazz musicians 1934 Jan 1 Prohibition ends in US US Fed Farm Mortgage Corp; Civil Wks Emerg Relief Act FDR's Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts Federal Housing Authority (FHA) - powers to insure long-term mortgage loans by private lenders for home construction spring West Coast longshoremen's strike General Strikes: San Francisco, Minneapolis fall Southern textile workers strike spreads throughout U.S. Upton Sinclair runs for governor for California + EPIC [and explain about worker co-ops] 1934 Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer published ?in Paris (by Jack Kahane, Obelisk Press) but banned in the U.S. Jean Cocteau: La Machine infernale important? Lindy Hop takes to the air with swing music 1935 Mar 19 Harlem uprising April Resettlement Administration given power to use eminent domain to buy land for build new cities Wagner Act sets up National Labor Relations Board U.S. Social Security Act; Wealth Tax Act Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) organized by John L. Lewis Wilderness Society founded William `Count' Basie introduces Kansas City music at the Apollo Theatre in NYC: Jazz becomes `swing': easy, uncluttered, rhythmically flexible Rumba The Village Vanguard opened by Max Gordon in a cellar at 178 Seventh Ave, NY as a jazz center 1936 48 sit-down strikes, beginning with Akron Firestone plant, Flint Fisher Body plant (Boulder/Hoover Dam completed) & what else big projects? July SPANISH CIVIL WAR to 1939 (Keynes - which is his important work?) London & NY Surrealist shows, including "Object", a fur-covered cup/plate & spoon by Meret Oppenheim Kenneth Patchen: first book (of poetry) published Chaplin: Modern Times Salvador Dali: Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonition of Civil War Mondriaan: "Composition in Red and Blue" Aug Benny Goodman debuts at the Palomar Ballroom, NY: swing music really takes off "Professor Longhair" invents rock & roll beat one night, while playing in New Orleans' Vieux Carre 1937 US: 477 sit-down strikes; gov statistics: half mill Amers involved in sitdown strikes bet Sept 36-May 37 Bonneville Dam & Golden Gate Bridge opened SPANISH CIVIL WAR cont. Japanese start skirmishes which lead to war with China US Sup Court rules in favor of minimum wage law for women First jet engine built UK: BBC starts offering regular television programming to 14,000 initial subscribers Sartre (age): La Nausee Richard Wright: Black Boy Picasso: "Guernica" (mural for Paris World Expo) Robert Johnson, legendary blues musician, dies (25) 1930s late Village Vanguard: Leonard Bernstein, Burl Ives, Pearl Bailey + 1938 SPANISH CIVIL WAR cont. Hitler invades Austria (Mar 14) [and Czechoslovakia ??] Nov. 10 Kristalnacht pogrom Recession in US (starts with Wall Street decline in 1937) Congress passes Fair Labor Standards Act, national child labor law - first to be upheld by the Supreme Court (?=?) Forty hour work week established in US US Sup Court rules U of Missouri Law School must admit Negroes because of lack of other facilities in the area International Exhibit of Surrealism, Paris Jean Paul Sartre: Nausea [must be the Eng translation] Antonin Artaud: The Theater and Its Double Radio production by Orson Welles of H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds causes panic Benny Goodman's band brings new style of jazz (heyday 1938,39) Lambeth Walk - fashionable dance Dec Cafe Society opened at 2 Sheridan Square, NYC by Barney Josephson as first integrated night spot Billy Holiday (24) opened it and remained nine months 20,000 television sets in service in NY City 1939 Stalin-Hitler non-agression Pact when? SPANISH CIVIL WAR ends Apr 30 "First scheduled telecast" - US: FDR speaking at NY World's Fair opening but within months, television devpmt stopped for 7 yrs due to the war 1939 Sept 1 Hitler invades Poland Sept 3 Britain and France declare war on Germany: WORLD WAR II starts 1939 Pan American Airways begins regularly scheduled commercial flights between US and Europe Marion Anderson, barred from singing at the Daughters of the American Revolution Hall, Washington DC, is invited by Eleanor Roosevelt and others to sing at the Lincoln Memorial; 75,000 attend James Joyce: FInnegans Wake John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath Yves Tanguy to US (movies: Wizard of Oz, Gone With the Wind) Pete Seeger drops out of Harvard, entertains striking dairy farmers, meets Alan Lomax and Woody Guthrie 1930s Negro lynchings average fifty a year 1930s US births, dropping lower and lower since industrialization drop to the lowest ever (only 7.3% increase in population of US 1930 to 1940, including .5 mill immigrants) US pop 1940: 132 million (Start to rise 1940-43) 1940 WORLD WAR II:Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, Holland (May), Belgium, France US: Smith Act criminalizes advocating to overthrow the government by force and violence when? Selective Service bill introduced First big birth rise: 9 months after introduction Sept? Selective Service Act passed Sept 27 FDR meets with A. Philip Randolph, president of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; Walter White, executive secretary NAACP; and T. Arnold Hill, acting secretary of the National Urban League to discuss employment discrimination, particularly desegregation of the armed forces. Army: 5,000 Negroes out of 269,023; Navy: 4,000 out of 160,997 - employed as messboys and labourers. Nov FDR re-elected, in first election with significant Negro voters First U.S. inter-city motorway: Pennsylvania Turnpike & LA builds first motorway: Arroyo Seco Parkway (now part of Pasadena Freeway) (opens Dec) Duke Ellington becomes know as composer and jazz pianist Ernest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls Arthur Koestler: Darkness at Noon Thomas Wolfe: You Can't Go Home Again (posth.) Eugene O'Neill: Long Day's Journey into Night" written - important? Salvador Dali to NY Chaplin: "The Great Dictator" 40 when? Bertrand Russell judged unfit to teach at New York's City College due to such unorthodox views as those published in his Marriage & Morals (1929); appointed to William James lectureship at Harvard University anyway Pete Seeger forms Almanac Singers with Lee Hays and many others; Woody Guthrie joins in June Cotton Club closes 1940-42 Thelonius Monk (23) joins Kenny Clarke's house band at Minton's in NYC; w Charlie `Bird' Parker (20 (sax), of Kansas City, and Dizzy Gillespie (23) (horn), who dropped in after finishing at the Cotton Club, invents Modern Jazz: created complex variations on chords to scare away no-talent jammers. Meanwhile, Kenny Clarke (26), the drummer, starts created the bop rhythm which freed the soloists. "Bop" was unlike the polished, sweet sounds of the Big Bands. 1941? June?? Second big birth rise: 9 months after S.S. Act passed June Hitler invades USSR 1941 June 25 A. Philip Randolph's (president Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) calls off Negro march on Washington planned for July 1 when FDR agrees to issue Executive Order 8802 banning racial discrimination in defense industries and government employment (creates Fair Employment Practices Committee) Dec 7 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor: US enters WORLD WAR II Jeannette Rankin, US Rep, casts sole dissenting vote in Congress against declaration of war against Japan when?! Manhattan Project (intensive atomic research) begins when? US Sup Court upholds Federal Wage and Hour Law restricting work of 16- and 18-year-olds and setting minimum wage for business engaged in interstate commerce 1941 [record] Talking Union (?Almanac Singers ?w Pete Seeger?) Eric Fromm: Escape From Freedom Kenneth Patchen: Journal of Albion Moonlight Orson Welles: "Citizen Kane" Max Ernst to NY (then to Long Island & Sedona, Arizona) Bop/Jump & Jive dance, contests [at least among blacks] 1942 June Japanese lose battle for the first time: Midway Island Oct Third big birth rise (10 months after Pearl Harbor) 1942 First electronic computer developed, US Magnetic recording tape invented Duchamp back to NY Intl Surrealist Exhibit, NY, including the first `Happening': Duchamp's maze of twine (to involve the viewer) Peggy Guggenheim opens Art of This Century Gallery (surrealism) by then Surrealists Breton?, Masson, Man Ray, Kurt Seligman, and Matta from Chile, plus Chagall, Fernand Leger, Piet Mondrian, and Jacques Lipchitz are all in U.S. Camus: The Stranger Erich Fromm: The Fear of Freedom (is this the same?) Wilhelm Reich: The Function of the Orgasm Gilbert Murray founds Oxfam Skirts shorten (wartime rationing) 1943 Apr 19 Dr. Albert Hofman at Sandoz in Basle, Switzerland, resynthesizes LSD-25 in a search for a cure for migraines, & has visions (first synthesis 1938) summer anti-Negro riots in Detroit and Harlem, cities whose labor population has been added to by influx of southern blacks June Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded when? US War Labor Board orders coal mines to be taken over by the govt when .5 million miners strike 1943 "Bop" becoming known; Rhythm & blues syncopated rhythm starts to emerge Lindy Hop yields to jitterbug Sartre: Being and Nothingness Hermann Hesse: The Glass Bead Game Zoot suit becomes popular attire among US hepcats (Infantile paralysis epidemic kills almost 1200 in US, cripples thousands more) when? 43,000 draftees refused to fight, 6000 imprisoned; Conscientious objector camps established on West Coast, especially Walport, Oregon; many visit SF on leave 1944 July 15 Mrs. Irene Morgan arrested for not giving up Greyhound seat to white passenger on a ride from Virginia to Maryland (leads to 1946 Supreme Court anti-segregation decision) Nov FDR re-elected for fourth term when? Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. elected to Congress Cost of living in US rises almost 30% Bluesman Arthur "Big Boy" Cruddup records "Rock Me Mama" ?using? the first electrified guitar, created by him 1940 Sartre's No Exit opens in Paris T.S. Eliot: Four Quartets (when was The Hollow Men) Jack Kerouac (22), Allen Ginsberg (18), William Borroughs (30) meet around Columbia University Bop recordings on the market. 1945 April Allied forces attack Berlin; Hitler commits suicide May 7 Germany surrenders July 16 First atomic bomb explosion, Alamogordo, New Mexico Aug 6&9 Atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki Sept 2 Surrender of Japan; WORLD WAR II ends when? Republic of Vietnam proclaimed; French invade World Bank founded Henry Miller: The Airconditioned Nightmare George Orwell: Animal Farm 1946 First of 23 nuclear explosions 46-58, Bikini atoll first year of the Baby Boom (46-64) Postwar birth rise (1945: 2,873,000; 1946: 3.5 mill; 1947: 3.75 mill) [Storming Heaven p.94 sez Baby Boom height 54-64 4 mill babies born/year] [1950s "baby boom in every industrialized country" - Hall) June Dr. Benjamin Spock: The Common Sense Book of Baby & Child Care Start of the boom in sales of television sets (under 6000 manufactured) Xerography process invented ENIAC electronic brain built at Pennsylvania University Arthur Koestler: Darkness at Noon earlier? Franz Kafka: Amerika earlier? "Existentialists" center, St. Germain-des-Pres, Paris (1945-50) Buckminster Fuller designs Dymaxion House Pacifica Foundation founded Kerouac and Ginsberg meet Neal Cassady in New York City Pete Seeger moves to NY after getting out of the military, starts "People's Songs" (whatis) Josh White playing at Cafe Society Downtown (Sheridan Square, Greenwich Village) and Leadbelly around NY also 1946 - Lynchings in the south approach 1918 levels as Negro G.I.s return, talk of getting the rights they fought for 1947 CIA chartered HUAC investigations into Hollywood; Hollywood 10 blacklisted Taft-Hartley Act restricts rights of labor unions Transistor invented "Flying saucers" reported in US Ap 9-23 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sponsors interstate bus ride to test June 3, 1946 Supreme Court ruling that Negro passengers could not be forced to sit at the back; Bayard Rustin, Fellowship of Reconciliation, Igal Roodenko, and Joseph Felmet serve 30 days on a chain gang Over 1 mill vets enroll in colleges under GI Bill of Rights Malabar Farm: Louis Bromfield The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Jackson Pollock starts action painting (Abstract Expressionism) Dior's ankle-length dresses protested, ?but went back to long? Leon, brother of Barney Josephson, owner of Cafe Society, NYC, subpoened by HUAC; Columnists Westbrook Pegler & Walter Winchell attack Barney & club business drops; forced to close 1948 1947-57 series of Chicago riots as whites left inner city to Negroes 1947-50 Kerouac & Cassady make cross-country trips 1947-51 Marshall Plan: US farms and industries gear up to feed Europe 1948 Feb? Gandhi assassinated Feb Truman, in first `civil rights' message to Congress, asks for anti-lynching law June Drs. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, & William P. Schockley of AT&T announce invention of the semiconductor transistor when? UN? adopts "Human Rights ?Resolution" - US never adopted when? USSR stops road and rail traffic bet Berlin and the west when? House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) investigates Alger Hiss (of State Dept) case when? Month-long strike by soft coal miners, US; injunction prevents nationwide rail strike; first escalator clause basing wage increases on cost-of-living inde in GM-UAW contract when? Truman signs Selective Service Act, creating US's first peacetime draft, and universal military training (includes ROTC) when? US sends troops to Greece to support dictator when? General Somoza's military take-over of elected Nicaraguan government (with US support?) when? Tito of Yugoslavia breaks away from USSR Communist Party when? Supreme Court knockdown of Texas white primary; 750,000 Negroes register to vote in 12 southern states 1948 Nov Truman re-elected (vs. Dewey) Levitts begin construction of first mass-produced suburb: Levittown, Long Island Huh? Fed rent control bill passed in US First McDonalds drive-in (San Bernardino, California) Long-play record invented (US) Nat King Cole's record of eden ahbez's song "Nature Boy" is a big hit July Oriole's first record & the first "r&r", tho called r&b "It's Too Soon to Know" starts playing on Negro music radio stations Mechanization Takes Command - Siegfried Giedion B.F. Skinner: Walden Two George Orwell writes 1984 (originally titled 1948) Alfred C. Kinsey: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male Ed Sullivan television show starts Pete Seeger, Lee Hays, Fred Hellerman & Ronnie Gilbert, singing in the Almanac Singers since the early 1940s, start The Weavers Summer: Ginsberg has mystical vision of Blake's flower + Malcolm Little, in prison, first hears about the teachings of Elijah Muhammed Lee Strasberg becomes Artistic Director of the Actors Studio, starts giving classes in the Stanislavsky "method" 1949 11 US Communists found guilty of conspiracy to overthrow govt NATO formed U.S. begins urban renewal with Housing Act Oct 1 People's Republic of China founded USSR tests its first atomic bomb Pacifica Foundation (founded 1946) starts first radio station, KPFA in Berkeley (April 15 - first show) Miles Davis: The Birth of the Cool album starts cool jazz Aldo Leopold: A Sand County Almanac Thomas Merton: The Seven Storey Mountain Nelson Algren: The Man with the Golden Arm T.S. Eliot: The Cocktail Party Joseph Campbell: The Hero with a Thousand Faces Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman Weavers at Village Vanguard 6 months: NY discovers folk Josh White, Burl Ives, Earl Robinson "discovered" Samba 1949- 54 Fats Domino, Ray Charles, Little Richard: first records 1950 start military budget 12 billion out of total 40 billion U.S.budget Feb 9 Senator Joseph McCarthy announces he has a list of 205 State Department employees who are Communist Party members when? Alger Hiss convicted of lying & spying for USSR when? Truman instructs US Atomic Energy Comm to dev hydrogen bomb June 25 North Korea invades South Korea U.S. sends troops to Korea (until 1954) when? US recognizes Vietnam, supplies arms and send mission to instruct their use, signs military assistance pact summer Rosenbergs charged with espionage and prosecuted Oct China occupies Tibet when? McCarran Act restricts and requires registery of Communists, forbids entry into US of aliens who have belonged to totalitarian organizations "Cool jazz" develops from bebop TV: You Bet Your Life Akira Kurosawa: Rashomon Nelson Algren: The Man with the Golden Arm (anti-hero) Erik Erikson: Childhood & Society 50 Bertrand Russell awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Literature Einstein: General Field Theory Apr: Kerouac writes first version of On The Road "People's Songs" becomes "Sing Out"; Weavers sell out Town Hall concerts (Dec); Seeger creates Hootenanny record label L. Ron Hubbard wrutes Dianetics; the modern science of mental health, a handbook of dianetic therapy Miltown comes into wide use in US as tranquilizer UN: 480 of the 800 million world's children undernourished 50 which country? becomes second (after US) with mass car ownership (Germany?? - Volkswagon) All About Eve ?Bardot starts? is this her/when? How St. Germain was ended 1.5 million television sets in US 50s-60s Anarcho-pacifist poets group meets almost weekly at home of Kenneth Rexroth-San Francisco [250 Scott St] 50s early: car ownership, level thru 1930s and WWII, starts rise above late 1920s level "after WWII": new housing/construction starts - rise above ditto 1951 Korean War continues Pres. Truman starts college draft deferment Suburbs starting to spread 15 million (sic) television sets in US, huge jump from 1950 51 June Cleveland d.j. Alan Freed ("Moondog") notices white teenagers starting to respond to r&b, starts first r&b radio show Sept First transcontinental television broadcast Oct 14 11 Irish musicians meet in Dublin to form the Comhaltas Ceoltoiri Eireann, start of the modern Irish folk music revival 1951: first Flea Cheoil - Mullingar (Whit week-end) ?W.E.B. DuBois hauled manacled into federal court for advocating peace talks in Korea Color television first introduced (US) Electric power produced from atomic energy Army begins detonating nuclear bombs in Nevada desert By winter, radioactivity detected in Rochester, NY snowfall Ferlinghetti leaves NY for SF Weavers blacklisted by HUAC Leadbelly dies TV: I Love Lucy Brando in A Streetcar Named Desire (the movie) J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye is an "instant success" among college students David Riesman: The Lonely Crowd (ck - also saw as 1950) [Storming Heaven p.95: "other-directed" -> conformity] C. Wright Mills: White Collar John Clellon Holmes: Go (first beat generation novel published) Rachel Carson: The Sea Around Us 1952 Korean War continues Nixon's "Checkers" speech Apr 22 First atmospheric bomb test - Yucca Flat, Nevada May CORE holds first sit-ins in U.S. history Charlie Chaplin's US visa revoked Nov 6 First hydrogen bomb exploded on Eniwetok Atoll by US = Thermonuclear bomb Eisenhower defeats Stevenson (ending 20 yrs of Dem presidency) First Holiday Inn motor hotel (Memphis, Tennessee) Standardization of McDonalds design First contraceptive pill produced Albert Schweitzer awarded Nobel Peace Prize Polio epidemic - 58,000 cases (1400 die, thousands in wheelchairs or steel braces) L. Ron Hubbard founds Scientology George Jorgenson goes to Denmark for the first sex change operation, becomes Christine G. TV: Dragnet James Baldwin: Go Tell It on the Mountain Invisible Man: Ralph Ellison Fellini: The White Sheik Nikos Kazantzakes [accent]: Zorba the Greek Samuel Becket: Waiting for Godot Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex (or is it 53?) John Clellon Holmes: "This is the Beat Gen" NYT (Nov 16) Weavers give up, stop touring; Pete Seeger begins touring college campuses 1953 Korean War (on television ends U.S. consumers start buying binge, biggest since the 20s Stock market soars, economic indicators very good when? Stalin dies, Khrushchev becomes First Secretary Mar Twenty nuclear tests have occurred in Nevada; sheep dying in Utah, 7 yr old boy dies of leukemia in Carson City Apr 13 MK-ULTRA, drug investigation program, started by CIA Apr 16 President Eisenhower warns of guns vs. butter ? when was military-industrial complex warning? ? when was govts get our of the way for peace? May 4 Aldous Huxley (58) takes mescaline Jun 19 Rosenbergs executed 53 summer Baton Rouge bus boycott by Negroes (lasts two weeks) when? Shah of Iran reinstated to power, Mossedagh removed television production at 7 million/year when? USSR explodes hydrogen bomb TV: Danny Thomas Fellini: I Vitelloni (The Young & The Passionate) Salt of the Earth (movie about New Mexico's Mexican-American miners strike of 1951) produced by blacklisted Hollywood filmmakerrs Marlon Brando in The Wild One Marilyn Monroe in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes B.F. Skinner: Science and Human Behavior Alfred C. Kinsey: Sexual Behavior in the Human Female James Baldwin: Go Tell It on the Mountain Arthur Miller: The Crucible Saul Bellow: The Adventures of Augie March Hefner starts Playboy I.F. Stone starts The Weekly (to 1971) Pacifica Foundation starts second station: KPFK in Los Angeles June Ferlinghetti opens City Lights Bookstore in SF Allen Ginsberg visits Neal Cassady in SF & stays John Lilly invents sense isolation tank and starts experiments with it at the National Institute of Mental Health (til 58) Lung cancer reported attributable to cigarette smoking 1954 The US contains 6% of world's population, but 60% of cars, 58% of telephones, 45% of radios, 34% of railroads Apr - Television covers Army-McCarthy hearings, with Edward R. Murrow; McCarthy is censured by Senate May 17 Brown v Bd of Education of Topeka: Supreme Ct strikes down `seperate but equal' doctrine, outlawing segregation in public schools May 8 Dien Bien Phu: French defeat in Vietnam June Guatemalan President Arbenz overthrown by military July 21 Geneva agreement divides Vietnam Oct Eli Lilly Co? succeeds in artificially synthesizing LSD Dec Fess Parker plays Davy Crockett on Disneyland television show -> to 7 month sales boom in coonskin caps & other Crockett items when? US tests hydrogen bomb at Bikini Concern in Europe & US about fallout & disposal of radioactive waste Albert Einstein dies Indian Relocation program sends Indians to the cities Microchip & tv dinner invented Fender introduces Stratocaster guitar Thorazine invented - first major tranquilizer 200,000+ join the Cub Scouts for the first time 1954 Hank Ballard & the Midnighters: Work With Me Annie a closet hit Bill Haley & the Comets: Rock Around the Clock released July 5 Elvis Presley records That's All Right [Mama] (by Arthur (Big Boy) Crudup) & Good Rockin Tonight (but they don't get on the charts yet) (Sun sessions) Leadbelly's songs first released on record First Newport Jazz Festival (July) 1950s mid Chuck Berry live shows 1954 TV: Disney, Father Knows Best, Lassie Marlon Brando in On the Waterfront Fellini: La Strada Kurosawa: Seven Samurai Franz Kafka: The Castle Lord of the Flies - William Golding Tolkien: Lord of the Rings xxx: Blackboard Jungle Aldous Huxley: Doors of Perception Helen & Scott Nearing: Living the Good Life 1955 military 40 billion out of total U.S. budget of 62 billion First national marketing of McDonalds (by Ray Kroc at Des Plaines, Illinois) Jan 1 U.S. begins training South Vietnamese army Jan 22 First Poets' Follies, San Francisco Mar 12 Charlie "Bird" Parker (34) dies (NY apartment of Baroness Rothschild "heart attack" - now say pneumonia) Apr 29 countries meet in Bandung, Indonesia to form the Non-Aligned Movement (first use of "third world") spring Kerouac: "Jazz of the Beat Gen" in New World Writing May Davy Crockett song (Bill Hayes version) tops best seller charts; other versions also in Top Ten June 23 NY folk/calypso singer Harry Belafonte first time on television Jn 29 Gordon Wasson eats psilocybin mushrooms in Oaxaca Jn 29 Bill Haley (29) & the Comets Rock Around the Clock and Shake Rattle n Roll becomes No. 1 hit (for eight weeks) (released Jan 1) (former hillbilly singer from Penn, cutting discs in the teenage idiom since `Rock The Join' 1952; inspired by Hank Williams (c&w) and Louis Jordan (r&b) June Weavers reunion sells out Carnegie Hall, Vanguard releases lp summer Fats Domino: Ain't That a Shame #1 r&b charts, 11 weeks July Ferlinghetti publishes first book of poems (Pictures of the Gone World) 55 Aug Pete Seeger called before HUAC, refuses to testify Aug 28 Emmett Till lynched, Mississippi (explain) summer Kerouac writes Mexico City Blues in Mexico City Sept 14 Little Richard records Tutti Frutti Sept 30 James Dean dies in Porsche crash on Hwy 101; East of Eden is out, but Rebel, Giant not even released yet fall Ginsberg takes peyote, has vision of Moloch as America fall Kerouac, 33, meets Gary Snyder, 25, who has been studying Japanese and Zen Buddhism U.C. Berkeley in preparation for going to Japan as a Zen monk 55 fall Anais Nin takes LSD as part of Oscar Janiger's studies (LA) Oct Mickey Mouse Club starts on television Oct Pat Boone's cover of Fats Domino's "Aint That a Shame" hits pop charts (Boone's ?first? hit) Oct 13 Ginsberg organizes poetry reading at Six Gallery, SF (featuring also Michael McClure, Philip Lamantia, Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen, Kenneth Rexroth) and brings down the house by reading "Howl" publicly for the first time Nov RCA signs Elvis Presley (20) from Memphis and Carl Perkins (23) from Tennessee 55 Dc 5 Rosa Park's refusal to give up her bus seat on Dec 1 starts year-long Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott by 30-40,000 Negro riders (out of a Negro population of 50,000), of which Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., 26, is appointed leader (to Dec 21, 56) Dec 24 Aldous Huxley takes his first LSD DJ Alan Freed moves to WINS, NY 7 of 15 pop best sellers are rooted in r&b, produced originally for the black music market Little Richard first record Chuck Berry first record (Maybelline) Charlie "Bird" Parker (35) dies 55 Disneyland opens TV: 64,000 Dollar Question, Gunsmoke James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden The Blackboard Jungle: links Rock Around the Clock with juvenile delinquency, and comics also come under fire for causing j.d. Ingmar Bergman: Smiles of a Summer Night Family of Man - exhibit & book (Edward Steichen for Museum of Modern Art, NY) Joseph Heller: Catch 22 J.P. Donleavy: Ginger Man Mad Magazine starts Why Johnny Can't Read - Rudolf Flesch (The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit - Sloan Wilson) 1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act: Congress authorized 41,000 miles of interstate highways - really begins freeway suburbanization Jan The Platters - black r&b group reach Top Ten pop chart with Only You and The Great Pretender; first time white buyers prefer original to cover version by whites Jan 26 MLK arrested for the first time Jan 30 MLK home bombed Feb 1 Eisenhower asks first class postage stamp price be raised from 3 to 4 cents Feb 1 MLK's Montgomery Improvement Association files suit in federal court against Alabama for segregation of buses Feb 4 white student riot at University of Alabama against court-ordered admission of first Negro student Feb U.K.: `Free Cinema': first of a series of programs at the National Film Theatre -> theatre renaissance (including `Look Back in Anger' from John Osborne's book) 56 ?Feb 11 Elvis Presley's first appearance (full length) on Dorsey Brothers Show, singing Heartbreak Hotel) [first tv was Mar 24 - was that when it was played??] Heartbreak Hotel goes to Top Twenty Pat Boone also on charts with Little Richard's Tutti Frutti & Bill Haley with "See You Later Alligator" & Carl Perkins with own song "Blue Suede Shoes" May 27 Tallahassee bus boycott June 5 Elvis on Milton Berle tv show singing "Hound Dog"; causes commotion about his hip action July Pete Seeger cited for contempt (for HUAC silence) when? Khruschev's anti-Stalin speech / 20th Congress CP 56 when? USSR invades Hungary when? revolt in Poland US Communist party membership drops to 5000 by year's end (from 60-80,000 during and after World War II, and 43,000 as late as 1950) when? First C.N.D. Aldermaston march, UK fall Brigette Bardot movies the rage in the U.S. Nov Eisenhower defeats Stevenson again (John Wayne, Agnes Moorehead, Susan Hayward shoot "The Conqueror" in Utah downwind of Yucca Flats, where 11 nuclear bombs were exploded in 1955 - By 1960, 90% of the 220 cast & crew had contracted cancer & 43 die of it) -- Percentage of white collar workers surpasses blue collar -- 56?? Third Avenue El removed, opening up Cooper Square in NY's Greenwich Village (explain) "Rock and Roll" officially used by whites first time by Alan Freed, NY dj Elvis: Heartbreak Hotel & Blue Suede Shoes & Don't Be Cruel with Hound Dog (5 gold records) MEMPHIS! James Brown first record Little Richard: Tutti-Frutti & Long Tall Sally top r&b (not pop) charts Gene Vincent: Be-Bop-A-Lula (first?) Belafonte: first album 56 TV: Price is Right Fellini: Nights of Cabiria Fr: Roger Vadim's first film: And God Created Woman (Brigette Bardot's first) John Osborne (UK): Look Back in Anger William Whyte: The Organization Man C. Wright Mills: The Power Elite Franz Kafka: The Trial (posth.) Aldous Huxley: Heaven & Hell Abraham Maslow publishes first paper on peak experiences Rise of the French existentialists huh? 1957 "Since 1957 the birth rate has been going down" - Wm Whyte "nuclear fallout in Nevada in newspapers" - Hettie Jones Jan? Atlanta nonviolent (Negro) bus demo Jan 10 Bombings of four Montgomery churches & two Negro leaders' homes J 10-11 Southern Christian Leadership Conference founded by MLK & 60 other Negro church leaders meeting in Atlanta Mar 5 British Gold Coast becomes Ghana, first independent nation of sub-Saharan Africa Mar Pete Seeger indicted for contempt of court (for HUAC silence) Mar 25 US Customs seizes second printing of Howl by City Lights, US District Attorney decides not to pursue, and printing released May 17 MLK leads Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington D.C. - 30,000 (Third anniversary of Brown vs. Bd of Ed decision) July Account of Gordon Wasson's mushroom experience published in Life Magazine July Alan Freed gets television rock and roll show Aug 8 American Bandstand with Dick Clark (27) starts on national television Aug SF Police Juvenile Dept raid City Lights & charge Ferlinghetti with obscenity for selling copies of Howl 57 Aug 29 Civil Rights Act (first civil rights legislation since 1875) passed Sept On The Road finally published and becomes bestseller (6 weeks on the bestseller list) (almost titled The Beat Generation) Kerouac refuses television series; instead Route 66 started Herb Caen coins term "beatnik" (Hettie Jones: "after Sputnik") Sept Howl obscenity trial: ruled not obscene on Oct. 3 Sept Russians launch first satellite Sputnik; US responds with increased emphasis on science education in schools [but see Oct4 Sept 4 Little Rock, Arkansas: nine Negro students try to attend Central High; Governor Orval Faubus orders National Guard to prevent them 1957 Sept 25 President Eisenhower sends Federal troops to Little Rock; they remain for the entire school term Oct 4 USSR launches Sputnik, first satellite Oct Nuclear accident (fire) at Windscale nuclear plant, England releases 600 times more radioactive radio-iodine than Three Mile Island (covered up) Nov USSR launches second Sputnik, with dog inside Britain explodes thermonuclear bomb in central Pacific Atomic bomb air raid drills Strontium 90 detected in cow's milk around the US (radioactive isotope which lodges in bone & causes cancer) Explosion at nuclear weapons site in Ural Mountains, USSR (completely covered up) SANE (Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy) founded (see 1958) Teamsters Union is expelled from AFL-CIO when Jimmy Hoffa refuses to expel criminals & union refuses to expel Hoffa Height of the Baby Boom - 4.3 million births Bag/Sack dresses ("mumus") Use of Milltown tranquilizer rises to 150 million dollars Poetry and jazz at The Cellar on Green Street, SF Greenwich Village women wearing black dancer's tights instead of stockings 57 Frankie Avalon, Paul Anka, Fabian Elvis: Jailhouse Rock Everly Brothers: Bye Bye Love & Wake Up Little Susie + At the Hop Jerry Lee Lewis: Whole Lot of Shakin' Going On & Great Balls of Fire Buddy Holly first records: That'll Be The Day, Peggy Sue (& w the Crickets on Ed Sullivan) Sam Cooke first record TV: Have Gun Will Travel, Maverick, Perry Mason, Real McCoys, Leave It To Beaver (57-63) Dick Clark's American Bandstand starts West Side Story (the play?) Bergman: The Seventh Seal, and Wild Strawberries Becket's End Game plays in London Arthur Frommer's first Europe On Five Dollars A Day Miller: Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymous Bosch The White Negro - Norman Mailer (Dissent magazine) (used `hipster' to describe the Beats) Vance Packard: The Hidden Persuaders (manipulative advertising) Malcolm X starts Muslim newspaper "Mohammed Speaks" Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged 1958 when? 10,000 students join school desegregation march, Wash DC early SANE (Student National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy) founded (after newspaper ad about bomb tests in late 1957) Jan 20 Elvis inducted into ?army? (until March 3, 1960) Mar?? U.K.: Thousands march on Aldermaston nuclear base (first) 58 (Direct Action Committee, Bertrand Russell) May V.P. Nixon motorcade booed in Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, and Venezuela May Elvis Presley goes into the army (rock calendar sez enters Mar 24, 59) May 11 Last Poet's Follies, SF spring Partisan: The Know-Nothing Bohemians - Norman Podhoretz May Art D'Lugoff opens Village Gate on Bleeker St. National attention on beats, tour buses start touring North Beach when? Mort Sahl, Bill Cosby at hungry i + Shelly Berman? 58 June Paul Robeson finally gets a passport 8 years after it was taken from him, some said for being a Communist Party member?, allowing him to tour abroad again (explain) Sept MLK stabbed in Harlem department store Alan Watts takes LSD (at Huxley's invitation) (this is while doing his radio program) -> LSD intro to Ginsberg & Bohemia Oct Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and 20 others arrested in Birmingham, Alabama protesting bus segregation; Reverend William Holmes Borders launches boycott in Atlanta which ends segregated busing when? Bayard Rustin organizes Youth March for Integrated Schools which sparks sit-ins in Oklahoma City and Wichita when? Fidel Castro begins "total war" against Batista govt, Cuba when? VP Nixon, on tour of S.Am., recd w hostility; Eisenhower sends troops to Caribbean when? US artificial earth satellite Explorer I launched when? USSR Sputnik III launched when? US launches first moon rocket; fails moon but 79,000 mi Recession; US almost 5.2 million unemployed hula hoops The Beatnik mvmt spreads thru US and Europe UK: Teddy Boys, started appearing earlier in 50s, "die out" Synanon founded John Birch Society founded 58 Everly Brothers: Hey Bird Dog, All I Have to Do is Dream Chipmunks Song, Purple People-Eater, Lollipop, Tom Dooley Coasters: Yakety Yak Jackie Wilson: Lonely Teardrops (first?) James Brown: Try Me Chuck Berry: Johnny B. Goode Johnny Otis: Willie and the Hand-Jive Stereophonic recordings come into use Bobby Darin: Splish Splash (first?) Phil Spector starts producing records (?= start of Motown?) Kingston Trio: Tom Dooley Theodore Bikel Town Hall concert, NY John Coltrane: first album 58 TV: Seventy-Seven Sunset Strip Cat on a Hot Tin Roof The Ugly American - William Lederer John Kenneth Galbraith: The Affluent Society Ferlinghetti: The Coney Island of the Mind Kerouac: Dharma Bums and The Subterraneans Paul Krassner starts publishing The Realist Lorraine Hansberry: A Raisin in the Sun 1959 when? Ken Kesey, majoring in writing at Stanford, living in Perry Lane, Palo Alto w Robert Stone + (Vic Lovell - who had introduced Alpert to mj) take psilocybin, LSD, etc at Menlo Park Veterans Hospital (under CIA's MK-ULTRA program) when? Wyatt Walker leads Richmond, Virginia CORE march of 2000 to protest school segregation Apr 29 CORE lunch counter sit-in in Miami Jan 2 Cuba: Batista's army defeated by Fidel Castro's guerillas 59 Feb 3 Buddy Holly (22) , The Big Bopper [J.P. Richardson, 29], & Richie Valens (17) killed in plane crash nr Mason City, Iowa (5 mi n of Clear Lake) -> rock music lull UCBerk: SLATE wins end to discrim in frats & sors March SLATE holds forbidden rally to support Berkeley housing discrim initiative March Uprising of Tibetans against the Chinese, Dalai Lama flees to India with others May US? sends two monkeys up in a rocket May 25 Billie Holiday's last performance (44) [dies 1959] First Newport Folk Festival: Joan Baez performs (summer Kesey, working at hospital & writing) 1959 July Khruschev visits the U.S. July SCLC, CORE, and FOR sponsor first conference on non-violence, at Spelman College, Atlanta July 21 D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover finally ruled not obscene & legal for publication in U.S. after U.S. Postmaster General tries to ban it from the mails Sept Bob Zimmerman enters University of Minnesota Sept 26 Highlander Folk School raided & closed down (Tennessee?) late TV program on Elijah Muhammed's Nation of Islam draws first national attention to his Muslims fall U.C. Berk: protest over expulsion of student who had gone on a hunger strike to protest U.C. making ROTC compulsory Oct Kerr Directives prohibit UC student governments from taking positions on "off campus" political issues; in response, SLATE sends letter to protest firing of professor at Univ Illinois winter Kerouac on Steve Allen television show 59 when? Carl Jung & his work get first widespread exposure on television when? USSR launches rocket w two monkeys aboard when? US artificial planet Pioneer 4 at Woomera when? USSR Lunik reaches moon; Lunik II photographs moon when? Pres Eisenhower invokes Taft-Hartley Act to halt 116-day-old steelworkers' strike; longshoremen's strike halted same way Thalidomide children (Better Living Through Chemistry's first failure) First Barbie dolls Radio Station KPFK started in Los Angeles [see earlier] San Francisco Mime Troupe founded "rock music lull" There Goes My Baby, Climb Every Mountain, Put Your Head on My Shoulder, A Teen-Ager in Love, He's Got the Whole World in His Hands, My Favorite Things Bobby Darin: Dream Lover, Mack the Knife The Twist becomes #1 record [must be wrong - see 1960] Limelighters, The Brothers Four Tom Dooley TV: Bonanza, Rawhide Some Like It Hot (Marilyn Monroe) Bergman: The Virgin Spring, Wild Strawberries 59 Fellini: La Dolce Vita Hiroshima mon amour (Alain Resnais) Eugene Ionesco: Rhinoceros A Raisin in the Sun (play) French New Wave cinema boom: 67 new directors make first feature films in the next two years (24 in 1959, 43 in 1960) including Truffaut: The Four Hundred Blows and Jean Luc Godard: Breathless (Goldfinger w Ian Fleming) (Philip Roth: Goodbye, Columbus) William Burroughs: Naked Lunch (Paris publication) Kerouac: Dr. Sax, Mexico City Blues, Maggie Cassidy Lawrence Lipton: The Holy Barbarians A Seperate Peace: John Knowles 59 Common Sense & Nuclear Warfare - Bertrand Russell ? Hawaii: James ?Michenor (The Manchurian Candidate - Richard Condon about search for mind-control drug?) Erving Goffman: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Norman O. Brown: Life Against Death Saul Bellow: Henderson the Rain King Yves Saint Laurent's skirt hems at knees doesn't go 1960 military budget 45.8 billion, 49.7% of U.S. budget ?? Jane Jacobs organizes first successful urban renewal revolt (over West Greenwich Village, NYC) Feb 1 Greensboro, N. Car.: first day of Woolworth counter "sit-in" by four freshmen college students from North Carolina A & T (Joseph McNeil, 18; Ezell Blair, Jr; Franklin McCain; and David Richmond) (after 16 similar demonstrations in the previous 3 years); [teachers: *Douglas Moore, George Thomas] arrests include: Diane Nash, John Lewis, James Bevel; By Feb 16 sit-in's have spread to 15 cities in North & South Carolina, Florida, Virginia, & Tennessee By Feb's end, 31 Southern cities in 8 states Feb Media discovers that Tennessee Negro sharecroppers who have been evicted from their farms for registering to vote are forming "Freedom Village" tent cities Feb 13 France becomes the fourth nuclear power Mar Montgomery, Alabama: denied ability to join sit-ins for fear of jeopardizing the state support of their college, half the student body of Alabama State sing the Star-Spangled Banner on the state capitol steps & march back to campus; their leaders are expelled 1960 Mar Sit-in's at lunch counters in northern cities also 40 new cities in Georgia, W.Va., Texas, Arkansas Mar 19 South Africa: Sharpeville Massacre (at new pass law demo): police open fire on South Africans burning id. cards; 63 shot in the back, 13,000 jailed Apr to Apr 61: Eleven African countries declare independence Apr 2-3 Nearly 100 student sit-in rs from 19 states attend workshop at Highlander School; Guy Carawan teahces them 1930s labor songs: We Shall Not Be Moved, Keep Your Eyes on the Prize, This Little Light of Mine, We Shall Overcome Apr 8 Odetta at Carnegie Hall mid Apr 50,000 students have participated in sit-ins Apr 15 Nearly 150 students from nine states meet in North Carolina with Ella Baker, James Lawson & MLK & form SNCC ("Apr 17") Apr 28 Alan Haber & SLID/SDS host first conference on Human Rights at the University of Michigan; Farmer & Harrington speak April California: Protests against the death sentence for Caryl Chessman (he is executed May 2) May 1 Francis Gary Powers shot down in U-2 over USSR (public discovers spy flights have been routine) early May: all 160 million Americans participate in the seventh national air-raid alert 60 May 6 Civil Rights Act signed by JFK May 9 First oral contraceptive, Enovid, licensed May 13 during SLATE sit-in against non-admission to HUAC hearings (SF City Hall) police attack 200 protestors May Payola Scandel (radio)